Method of producing viscose rayon



United States Patent Office 2,845,327 Patented July 29, 1958 r 2,845,327 METHOD OF PRODUCING VISCOSE RAYON Application November 3, 1954 Serial No. 466,654

7 Claims, (Cl. 18-54) N Drawing.

This invention relates to the production of shaped bodies of regenerated cellulose from viscose and more particularly to filaments and fibers of regenerated cellulose from viscose.

In the conventional methods of producing shaped bodies of regenerated cellulose from viscose, a suitable cellulosic material such as purified cotton linters, wood pulp, mixtures thereof, and the like is first converted to an alkali cellulose by treatment with a caustic soda solution and after shredding the treated cellulose material, it is allowed to age. The aged alkali cellulose is then converted to an xanthate by treatment with carbon disulfide. The cellulose xanthate is subsequently dissolved in a caustic soda solution in an amount calculated to provide a viscose of the desired cellulose and alkali content. After filtration, the viscose solution is allowed to ripen and is subsequently extruded through a shaped orifice into a-suitable coagulating and regenerating bath.

In the production of shaped bodies such as filaments, the viscose solution is extruded through a spinneret into a coagulating and regenerating bath consisting of an aqueous acid solution containing zinc sulfate. The filament may subsequently be passed through a hot aqueous bath where it is stretched to improve its properties such as tensile strength. The filament may then be passed througha dilute aqueous solution of sulfuric acid and sodium sulfate to complete the regeneration of the cellulose, in case it is not completely regenerated upon leaving the stretching stage. The filament is subsequently subjected to washing, purification, bleaching, possibly other treating operations and drying, being collected either before or after these treatments.

The filaments as formed by the conventional methods, consist of a skin or outer shell portion and a core portion with a sharp line of demarkation between the two; The cross-section of the filaments exhibits a very irregular or crenulated exterior surface when even small amounts of zinc salts or certain other polyvalent metal salts are present in the spinning bath. The skin and core portions of the filament represent differences in structure and these different portions possess different swelling and staining characteristics, the latter permitting a ready identification of skin and core. The sharply irregular and crenulated surface structure has a relatively low abrasion resistance and readily picks up foreign particles such as dirt. Although the core portion possesses a relatively high tensile strength, it has a low abrasion resistance and a low flex-life, .is subject to fibrillation and is relatively stiff. p

It has now been discovered that the presence of small amounts of certain alkali-soluble cycloimidine derivatives in viscose results in the production of shaped bodies of regenerated cellulose such as filaments, films, sheets and the like composed of all skin and having improved properties and characteristics providing that the amount of the cycloimidine derivative is maintainedwith certain limits and the composition of the spinning bath is maintained within certain composition'limits which will be 2 defined hereinafter. The most readily distinguishable characteristics as compared to conventional filaments include a smooth, non-crenulated surface and the filaments consist entirely of skin.

The cycloimidine derivatives utilized in the modification of the viscose correspond to the general formula CH CHzOM R-oN-omooo1vr I l OH: OH

Hz where M is an alkali metal such as sodium, potassium and the like and R is an aliphatic radical of at leastS carbon atoms. The aliphatic radical is a straight hydrocarbon chain containing from 5 to 23 carbon atoms and may be saturated or unsaturated. The radical may be obtained from the fatty acids derived from animal and vegetable fats and oils such as coconut oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, soya bean oil, palm oils, peanut oil, tallow and the like and the hydrogenated fats and oils. The derivatives as utilized for the purposes of this invention may be pure compounds wherein a pure fatty acidis employed in preparing the derivative, or the derivative may consist of a mixture of compounds Where the aliphatic radicals of the individual compounds are obtained from the various fattay acids present in a mixture of fatty acids of a particular fat or oil such as coconut oil. The derivatives may be prepared by reacting a fatty acid, or a mixture of fatty acids, with aminoethylethanolamine to form ethylene cycloimido, 2-aliphatic-substituted, 1 ethanol which is subsequently reacted with chloroacetic acid in the presence of an alkali such as sodium hydroxide. Derivatives which are satisfactory for the purposes of this invention may be derived from capric, lauric, myristic, oleic and stearic acids or from a mixture of fatty acids such as obtained from coconut oil. The radical R of such derivatives would be CH (CH from capric acid, CH (CH from lauric acid, CH (CH from myristic 'acid,

from oleic acid and CH (CH from stearic acid because the carbon atom of the carboxyl group of the respective acid enters the ring between the two nitrogen atoms. Commercial materials of this type such as the Miranols are satisfactory for the purposes of this'invention. The compounds may be conveniently added to viscose in the form of solutions in alkali or in water. These compounds may be termed ethylene cycloimido, 2-aliphatic substituted, 1 hydroxy, ethylene sodium alcoholate, methylene sodium carboxylate.

The amount of the cycloimidine derivative which is incorporated in the viscose must be at least: about 0.5% by Weight of the cellulose in the viscose, and may vary up to about 6%, preferably, the amount varies from 1% to 3%. Lesser amounts do not result in the'production of products consisting entirely of skin and greater amounts aiiect adversely the physicalproperties of the products. Amounts within the preferred range are most effective in enhancing the characteristics and properties of the products. The cycloimidine derivatives may be added at any desired stage in the production of the viscose such as in the preparation of the refined wood pulp for the manufacture of viscose, before or during the shredding solution before or after filtration. The derivative is preferably added after the cellulose-xanthate has been selected for the ultimate use of the regenerated cellulose product. The caustic soda content may be from about 4% to about 8% and the carbon disulfide content may be from about 30% to about 50% based upon the weight of the cellulose. The modified viscose, that is, a viscose containing the small amount of a cycloimidine derivative, may have a salt test above about 7 and preferably above about 8 at the time of spinning or extrusion. The term salt test as used herein refers to the conventional sodium chloride salt test.

In order to obtain the improvements enumerated hereinbefore, it is essential that the composition of the spinning bath be maintained within a well defined range. The presence of the cycloimidine derivative in the viscose combined with these limited spinning baths results in the production of yarns of improved properties such as high tenacity, high abrasion resistance, high fatigue resistance and consisting of filaments composed entirely of skin.

Generically and in terms of the industrial art, the spinning bath is a low acid-high Zinc spinning bath containing from about 10% to about 25% sodium sulfate and from about 3% to about 15% zinc sulfate, preferably from 15% to 22% sodium sulfate and from 4% to 9% zinc sulfate. Other metal sulfates such as iron, manganese, nickel and the like may be present and may replace some of the zinc sulfate. The temperature of the spinning bath may vary from about 25 C. to about 80 C., preferably between about 45 C. and about 70 C. In the production of the all skin type filaments, the temperature of the spinning bath is not critical, however, as is well known in the conventional practice in the art, certain of the physical properties such as tensile strength vary directly with the temperature of the spinning bath. Thus, in the production of filaments for tire cord purposes in accordance with the method of this invention, the spinning bath is preferably maintained at a temperature between about 55 C. and 65 C. so as to obtain the desired high tensile strength.

The acid content of the spinning bath is balanced against the composition of the viscose. The lower limit of the acid concentration, as is well known in the art, is just above the slubbing point, that is, the concentration at which small slubs of uncoagulated viscose appear in the strand as it leaves the spinning bath. For commercial operations, the acid concentration of the spinning bath is generally maintained about 0.4% to 0.5% above the slubbing point. For any specific viscose composition, the acid concentration of the spinning bath must be maintained above the slubbing point and below the point at which the neutralization of the caustic of the viscose is sufficiently rapid to form a filament having a skin and core.

There is a maximum acid concentration for any specific viscose composition-beyond which the neutralization is sufficiently rapid to produce filaments having a skin and core. For example, in general, the acid concentration of the spinning baths which are satisfactory for the production of the all skin products from a 7% cellulose, 6% caustic-viscose and containing the cycloimidine derivatives lies between about and about 8%. The acid concentration may be increased as the amount of the derivative is increased and also as the salt test of the viscose is increased. There is an upper limit, however, for the acid concentration based upon the amount of derivative and the concentration of caustic in the viscose. All skin products cannot be obtained if the acid concentration is increased above the maximum value although the amount of the cycloimidine derivative is increased beyond about 6% while other conditions are maintained constant. Increasing the caustic soda content of the viscose beyond about 8% is uneconomical for commercial production methods. For example, a viscose containing about 7% cellulose, about 6% caustic soda, about 41% (based on the weight of cellulose) carbondisulfide, and

2% (based on the weight of cellulose) of a cycloimidine derivative as described in which the aliphatic substituent is obtained from the fatty acids of coconut oil and having a salt test of about 10 when extruded into spinning baths containing 16 to 20% sodium sulfate, 4 to 8% zinc sulfate and sulfuric acid not more than about 7.8% results in the production of all skin filaments. Lesser amounts of sulfuric acid may be employed. Greater amounts of sulfuric acid result in the production of prodnets having skin and core. A lowering of the amount of the cycloimidine derivative, the lowering of the caustic soda content or the lowering of the salt test of the viscose reduces the maximum permissible acid concentration for the production of all skin filaments. It has been determined that the maximum concentration of acid which is permissible for the production of all skin products is about 8%.

The presence of the derivatives in the viscose retards the coagulation and, therefore, the amount of derivative employed must be reduced at high spinning speeds. Thus, for optimum physical characteristics of an all skin yarn formed from a viscose as above and at a spinning speed of about 50 meters per minute, the derivative is employed in amounts within the lower portion of the range, for example, about 1%. The determination of the specific maximum and optimum concentration of acid for any specific viscose, spinning bath and spinning speed is a matter of simple experimentation for those skilled in the art. The extruded viscose must, of course, be immersed or maintained in the spinning bath for a period suflicient to effect relatively complete coagulation of the viscose, that is, the coagulation must be sutficient so that the filaments will not adhere to each other as they are brought together and withdrawn from the bath.

In the production of filaments for such purposes as the fabrication of tire cord, the filaments are preferably stretched after removal from the initial coagulating and regenerating bath. From the initial spinning bath, the filaments may be passed through a hot aqueous bath which may consist of hot water or a dilute acid solution and may be stretched from about to about 120%, preferably between and Yarns for other textile purposes may be stretched as low as 20%. The

precise amount of stretching will be dependent upon the desired tenacity and other properties and the specific type of product being produced. It is to be understood that the invention is not restricted to the production of filaments and yarns but it is also applicable to other shaped bodies such as sheets, films, tubes and the like. The filaments may then be passed through a final regenerating bath which may contain from about 1% to about 5% sulfuric acid and from about 1% to about 5% sodium sulfate with or without small amounts of zinc sulfate if regeneration has not previously been completed.

The treatment following the final regenerating bath, or the stretching operation where regeneration has been completed, may consist of a washing step, a desulfurizing step, the application of a finishing or plasticizing material and drying before or after collecting, or may include other desired and conventional steps such as bleaching and the like. The treatment after regeneration will be dictated by the specific type of shaped body and the proposed use thereof.

Regenerated cellulose filaments prepared from viscose containing the small amounts of the cycloimidine derivatives and spun in the spinning baths of limited acid content have a smooth or non-crenulated surface and consist substantially entirely of skin. Because of the uniformity of structure throughout the filament, the swelling and staining characteristics are uniform throughout the cross-section of the filament. Filaments produced pursuant to this invention and consisting entirely of skin have a high toughness and a greater flexing life than filaments as produced according to prior methods which ma be attributed by the uniformity' in 'skin structure throughout the" filament. Although the twisting of conventional filaments, as in the production of tire cord, results in an appreciable loss of tensile strength, there is appreciably less loss in tensile strength inthe production of twisted'cords from the filaments consisting entirely of skin. Filaments prepared from viscose containing the cycloimidine derivatives have a high tensile strength as compared to normal regenerated cellulose filaments, have superior abrasion and fatigue resistance characteristics and have a high flex-life. Such filaments are highly satisfactory for the production of cords for the reinforcement of rubber products such as" pneumatic tire casings, but the filaments are not restricted to such uses and may be used for other textile applications.

The invention may be illustrated by reference to the preparation of regenerated cellulose filaments from a viscose containing about 7% cellulose, about 6% caustic soda, and-having a total carbon disulfide content of about 41% based on the weight of the cellulose. The viscose solutions were prepared by xanthating alkali cellulose by the introduction of 36% carbon disulfide based on the weight of the cellulose and churning for about 2% hours. The cellulose xanthate was then dissolved in caustic soda solution. An additional 5% carbon disulfide was then added to the mixer and the mass mixed for about one hour. The desired amount of cycloimidine derivative was added to the solution and mixed for about /2 hour. The viscose was then allowed to ripen for about 30 hours at 18 C.

Example 1 Approximately 1% (based on the weight of the cellulose) of a cycloimidine derivative known as Miranol CM was added .to and incorporated in the viscose as described above. Miranol CM corresponds to the formula set forth hereinbefore wherein M is sodium and the aliphatic radicals are derived from coconut oil fatty acids. The viscose employed in the spinning of filaments had a salt test of 9.7. The viscose was extruded through a spinneret to form a 366'denier, 44 filament yarn at a rate of about 25 meters per minute. The coagulating and regenerating bath was maintained at a temperature ofabout 60 C. and contained 7.4% sulfuric acid, 7.6% zinc sulfate and 19% sodium sulfate. The yarn was stretched about 57% while passing through a hot water bath at 95 C. The yarn was collected in a spinning box, washed free of acids and salts and dried.

The individual filaments have a smooth, non-crenulated exterior surface and consist entirely of skin, no core being detectable at high magnification (e. g. 1500 The filaments of a control yarn spun with the same viscose but without the addition of the modified agent and spun under the same conditions, exhibit a very irregular and serrated surface and are composed of about 80% skin and the balance core with a sharp line of demarkation between the skin and core. Other physical properties are set forth in the table which follows the examples.

Example 2 To a viscose as described above, there was added 2% of the same cycloimidine derivative (Miranol CM). The viscose had a salt test of 9.6 and was spun into a 210 denier, 120 filament yarn by extrusion into a spinning bath containing 7.3% sulfuric acid, 7.6% zinc sulfate and 19% sodium sulfate. The bath was maintained at 61 C. and the extrusion rate was about 22 meters per minute. The filaments were subsequently passed through a hot water bath at 95 C. and stretched about 82%. The yarn was collected in a spinning box, washed free of acids and salts and dried.

The individual filaments were readily distinguishable from control filaments in that they have a smooth, noncrenulated surface and consist entirely of skin while 6 the control filaments have a very irregular and serrated surface and consist of about 80% skin and the balance core with a sharp line of demarkation between the skin and core. Other physical properties are set forth in the table which follows the examples.

Example 3 To a viscose solution as described above, there was added 1% of a cycloimidine derivative wherein the aliphatic radical was derived from capric acid (Miranol SM). The viscose had a salt test of 10 and was spun into a 210 denier, 120 filament yarn by extrusion into a bath containing 7.5% sulfuric acid, 8% zinc sulfate and 18% sodium sulfate. The bath was maintained at a temperature of 60 C. The extrusion rate was about 22 meters per minute. The water bath was maintained at about C. and the filaments were stretched approximately 82% while passing through the hot water. The yarn was collected in a spinning box, washed free of acid and salts and dried.

The individual filaments were readily distinguishable from control filaments prepared from viscose containing no modifier in that they have a smooth, non-cren-ulated surface and consist entirely of skin. Control filaments have a very irregular and serrated surface and consist of about 80% skin and the balance core with a sharp line of demarkation between the skin and core. Other physical properties are set forth in the table which follows the examples.

Example 4 Approximately 2% (based on the weight of the cellulose) of a cycloimidine derivative wherein the aliphatic radical was derived from lauric acid (Miranol HM) was added to and incorporated in the viscose as described above. The viscose employed in the spinning of filaments had a salt test of 8.6. The viscose was extruded through a spinneret to form a 210 denier, filament yarn at a rate of about 22 meters per minute. The coagulating and regenerating bath was maintained at a temperature of about 60 C. and contained 7.4% sulfuric acid, 8.3% zinc sulfate and 17% sodium sulfate. The yarn was passed over a godet from which it was conducted through a hot waterbath maintained at about 95 C. During the travel through the hot water bath, the yarn was stretched approximately 82%. The yarn was then collected in a spinning box, washed free of acid and salts and dried. i

The individual filaments havea smooth, non-crenulated exterior surface and consist entirely of skin, no core being detectable at high magnification (e. g. 1500 The filaments of a control yarn spun with the same viscose but without the addition of the modifying agent and spun underthe same conditions, exhibit a very irregular and serrated surface and are composed of about 80% skinand the balance core with a sharp line of demarkation between the skin and core. Other physical properties are set forth in the table which follows the examples.

Example 5 As a control for the foregoing examples, a viscose solution, prepared as described above, having a salt test of 9.7 was spun into a 210 denier, 120 filament yarn by extrusion into a bath containing 7.5% sulfuric acid, 7.6% zinc sulfate and 19% sodium sulfate. The bath was maintained at a temperature of about 60 C. The extrusion rate was about 22 meters per minute. The water bath was maintained at a temperature of about 95 C. and the filaments were stretched 82% while passing through the hot water. The yarn was collected in a spinning box, washed free of acid and salts and dried.

The individual filaments have a very irregular and serrated surface and consist of about 80% skin and the balance core with a sharp line of demarkation between the skin and the core. Other characteristics are set forth in the table which follows:

Although the tenacty and elongation are the only properties set forth, they have been chosen because of the ease and simplicity with which such properties may be determined. In some instances, products made in accordance with this invention do not exhibit large or great improvements in tenacity and elongation, however, the

products consist of a smooth-surfaced, all skin structure and posses improved abrasion resistance, flex-life and other properties as disclosed hereinbefore.

One of the properties of viscose rayon which has limited its uses is its relatively high cross-sectional swelling when wet with water, this swelling amounting to from about 65% to about 80% for rayon produced by conventional methods. Rayon filaments produced in accordance with the method of this invention have an appreciably lower cross-sectional swelling characteristic, the swelling amounting to from about 45% to about 60%.

The cycloimidine derivatives may be added to any desired viscose such as those normally used in industry, the specific viscose composition set forth above, being merely for illustrative purposes. The derivatives may be added at any desired stage in the production 'of the viscose and may be present in the cellulosic raw material although it may be necessary to adjust the amount present to produce a viscose having the proper proportions of the adduct at the time of spinning.

The term skin is employed to designate that portion of regenerated cellulose filaments which is permanently stained or dyed by the following procedure: A microtome section of one or more of the filaments mounted in a wax block is taken and mounted on a slide with Meyers albumin fixative. After dewaxing in xylene, the section is placed in successive baths of 60% and 30% alcohol for a few moments each, and it is then stained in 2% aqueous solution of Victoria Blue BS conc. (General Dyestuffs Corp.) for 1 to 2 hours. At this point, the entire section is blue. By rinsing the section first in distilled water and then in one or more baths composed of 10% water and 90% dioxane for a period varying from to 30 minutes depending on the particular filament, the dye is entirely removed from the core, leaving it restricted to the I skin areas.

While preferred embodiments of the invention have been disclosed, the description is intended to be illustrative and it is to be understood that changes and variations may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

We claim:

1. In a method of producing shaped bodies of regenerated cellulose consisting substantially entirely of skin, the step which comprises extruding viscose containing from about 1% to about 3%, based on the weight of the cellulose in the viscose, of a modifier selected from the group consisting of cycloimidine derivatives and mixtures of cycloimidine derivatives into an aqueous spinning bath containing from about 10% to 25% sodium sulfate, from about 3% to 15% zinc sulfate and sulfuric acid, the cycloimidine derivatives corresponding to the general formula where M is an alkali metal and R is an aliphatic radical containing from 5 to 23 carbon atoms, the sulfuric acid content of the spinning bath exceeding the slubbing point but not exceeding about 8%.

2. The step in the method as defined in claim 1 wherein the modifier comprises a mixture of cycloimidine derivatives corresponding to the formula as set forth in claim 3 where M is sodium.

3. The step in the method as defined in claim 1 wherein the modifier comprises a cycloimidine derivative corresponding to the formula as set forth in claim 3 Where R is CH (CH and M is sodium.

4. The step in the method as defined in claim 1 wherein the modifier comprises a cycloimidine derivative corresponding to the formula as set forth in claim 3 where R is CH (CH and M is sodium.

5. The step in the method as defined in claim 1 wherein the modifier comprises a cycloimidine derivative corresponding to the formula as set forth in claim 3 where R is CH (CH and M is sodium.

6. The step in the method as defined in claim 1 wherein the modifier comprises a cycloimidine derivative corresponding to the formula as set forth in claim 3 where R is CH (CH and M is sodium.

7. In a method of producing shaped bodies of regenerated cellulose consisting substantially entirely of skin the steps which comprise adding to and incorporating in viscose from about 0.5% to about 6% of a modifier selected from the group consisting of cycloimidine derivatives and mixtures of cycloimidine derivatives, based on the weight of the cellulose in the viscose, the cycloimidine derivatives corresponding to the general formula where M is an alkali metal and R is an aliphatic radical containing from 5 to 23 carbon atoms, and extruding the viscose into an aqueous spinning bath containing from 10% to about 25% sodium sulfate, from about 3% to 15 zinc sulfate and sulfuric acid in an amount exceeding the slubbing point but not exceeding about 8%.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,125,031 Polak July 26, 1938 2,312,152 Davis Feb. 23, 1943 2,373,712 Schlosser Apr. 17, 1945 2,593,466 MacLaurin Apr. 22, 1952 

7. IN A METHOD OF PRODUCING SHAPED BODIES OF REGENERATED CELLULOSE CONSISTING SUBSTANTIALLY ENTIRELY OF SKIN THE STEPS WHICH COMPRISE ADDING TO AND INCORPORATING IN VISCOSE FROM ABOUT 0.5% TO ABOUT 6% OF A MODIFIER SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF CYCLOIMIDINE DERIVATIVES AND MIXTURES OF CYCLOIMIDINE DERIVATIVES, BASED ON THE WEIGHT OF THE CELLULOSE IN THE VISCOSE, THE CYCLOIMIDINE DERIVATIVES CORRESPONDING TO THE GENERAL FORMULA 